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September 5, Russian President Vladimir Putin began a visit to Africa, South Africa and Morocco. This is the second in March this year, to visit Algeria since the North African countries, Putin’s second visit to the African countries, but also the history of Russian president’s first visit to southern Africa. Prior to this, U.S. media revealed that the U.S. is planning to set up headquarters in Africa, the United States and Russia the two countries have played “African card” to seek energy, political interests, the African continent, highlighting great power competition, “smoke.”

Putin’s two-day Africa tour’s first stop is the large African countries — the capital of Cape Town, South Africa. Russian presidential aide Sergei Prikhodko said during his visit, Putin and the President of the Republic of South Africa Thabo Mbeki on including the Middle East crisis and Iran’s nuclear program and other issues talks. And in the South African Parliament speech.

Putin’s first visit to South Africa’s focus on strategic

as the first Russian head of state to visit South Africa, President Putin led a strong contingent of the business delegation, Russia and South Africa will sign a series of trade and investment agreements . In recent years, Russia and South Africa’s bilateral trade volume has witnessed a steady upward trend, only South Africa’s annual exports to Russia reached 130 million U.S. dollars. It is learned that the economic content of the agreement the two sides will be involved in the diamond, mining and metals fields.

China Institute of Contemporary International Relations, Europe and Asia research associate Feng Yujun that, in addition to expand Russia’s political influence in Africa, and economic cooperation will be the focus of Putin’s visit.

since the Soviet collapse, Russia’s influence in Africa plummeted. As the strength of reasons, for a long period of time, busy with internal problems of Russia are unable to take account of Africa, its head of state has never visited the African continent. Economic recovery and national recovery in the circumstances, in March of this year, the Russian Federation head of state’s first visit to the African countries of Algeria. Putin’s visit to revisit and take a more active foreign policy, its fundamental purpose is to find a new interest within the framework of the international fulcrum seek more support.

pairs of non-strategic trends from hegemony to the pragmatic

FENG Yu-Jun analysis, the Russian emphasis on Africa, the most important objective is to strengthen and African countries economic ties. The former Soviet Union, Russia, Africa’s economic and military aid, and global hegemony are mainly ideological considerations, but now Russia, either from the influence of national or impossible with the then Soviet Union in the same category, therefore, for non-foreign policy has done a lot of adjustment and the African countries to develop economic ties with Russia’s foreign policy is the most pragmatic considerations.

Yu-Jun Feng believes that Putin’s trip to Africa twice as an important aim is to coordinate energy policy. Rich in oil and natural gas resources in Russia’s economic recovery, an important reason. North African countries, Algeria and Morocco’s energy reserves are abundant, so to take a more effective cooperation, joint development and use of local energy resources, the coordination of national energy policy is the Russian government to consider an important issue.

while South Africa is concerned, Russia saw in the country’s rich mineral resources, especially abundant uranium resources. In the context of energy shortage, the development of nuclear energy is a topic for all countries attach considerable importance.

the U.S., Japan and the European Union and other uranium mines in South Africa expressed considerable interest. For Russia, it has a well-developed nuclear energy development and use of technology. In addition, South Africa’s manufacturing sector is relatively well developed, whether in machine-building, or energy machinery manufacturing, Russia and South Africa have a lot of room for cooperation.

the US-based Africa Command, “kill two birds with one stone,” to expand its military influence in the same time for more oil and strategic materials

the Pentagon, the disclosure of sources by the end of August: The U.S. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld will soon approve a related the establishment of Africa Command plan.

Under the plan, the United States will set up a military organization, independent in the entire region is responsible for U.S. military action.

anti-terrorism as an excuse for military expansion

Currently, the Pentagon has five worldwide command — Northern Regional Command, Pacific Command, Central Command, European Command and Southern Command. In Africa, the U.S. is only a small temporary military institution — the Horn of Africa Joint Operations Command, based in Djibouti, East Africa by the European Command, Pacific Command and Central Command have concurrent jurisdiction.

and 9.11, the United States has been fully carried out in the global counter-terrorism strategy for the U.S. military expansion in non-political military influence to find an excuse: In order to avoid the African continent to become breeding ground of terrorism, we must establish an African Command.

In fact, the United States on the African continent has long coveted. The last century, 90’s, the United States has sent troops to join United Nations peacekeeping operation in Somalia, but was withdrawn after stubborn resistance by armed forces. Followed by the United States changed its strategy in the region arranged to avoid direct military intervention, in turn train the armed forces of African countries. At the same time, the U.S. military has also adopted the policy of appeasement in parts of Africa, poverty alleviation programs to help the locals dig wells, treatment and improving education.

1996 Nian U.S. military created the “African crisis response force” by the U.S. Command in Europe. Later renamed “Africa Emergency Assistance Force combat training,” increased “attack training” to provide States with machine guns and other weapons.

in the United States, some military experts have long advocated the Ministry of Defense to devote more attention to Africa. In their view, many African countries, poverty, corruption, civil war again and again and there are no patrols in the border waters are the breeding ground for terrorists, a “hot spot.”

, especially East Africa and the Red Sea coast are being extremists and terrorists, infiltration, they are competing to become infested, initiates all kinds of terrorist attacks and violent confrontation.

Command, serve the global geo-strategic

, however, counter-terrorism is not the United States the only reason for the establishment of Africa Command. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences expert on U.S. issues hongyuan believe that the U.S. would the real purpose is to control of Africa, in Africa, get more for its oil and many other strategic materials to provide security.

“to ensure the oil supply” has been a focus of U.S. global strategy. In recent years, Africa’s proven oil reserves increased about 80000000000-1000 billion barrels, second only to the Middle East and South America, the world’s largest oil depot.

In addition, Africa also very rich in other strategic materials, including oil and gas, uranium, cobalt, gold, bauxite, manganese, copper, iron and diamonds. These are the United States can not arbitrarily give up the interest.

Therefore, hongyuan that, while the U.S. Africa Command to be established in terms of comparison with other Command, is only “partial division”, the scale will not be great, which also aims to serve the United States the world’s geo-strategic, “anti-terrorism” only but only one flag. However, if the region’s oil reserves and extraction increased, then the status of the African Command will rise.

background

African oil will become the meat and potatoes of the United States and Russia

energy is a beach in Africa, to seek the national interests of the cause.

U.S. investigators said, the African oil and good quality, easy to refining, proven oil reserves of about 80000000000-1000 barrels. Thus, in the United States over the next 10 years, needed oil, there will be 25% from sub-Saharan Africa. In recent years, Africa’s proven oil reserves continue to increase, second only to the Middle East and South America, the world’s largest oil depot.

Experts predict that by 2010, Africa’s oil production in the proportion of world oil production is expected to increase to 20%.

At present, Africa crude oil production of 900 million barrels, of which nearly 500 million barrels a day from the Gulf of Guinea region. Mauritania, Mali and Niger in the next few years will be among Africa’s major oil producing nations.

extension

staged the African continent, “Romance of Three Kingdoms”?

the United States and Russia launch energy game in the non-traditional influence in France constituted a great challenge

the United States Africa Command will be established in terms of the French is not good news, the Russian national revival to re looking to expand their in Africa political and economic influence of the initiative, will also bring enormous challenges in France.

Before World War II, the French colonies in Africa 21, with a total area of about 10.39 million square kilometers. Although these areas gained independence, but in the political, economic and cultural fields, the French still have a great influence, the “gendarme of Africa,” said. For France, actively involved in African affairs, is its great power status to maintain and expand its international influence and important step. The strategy for Africa’s rich resources for a relatively small land area, resources are relatively poor in France is also a very significant meaning. Therefore, France is the Western military presence in Africa, the largest direct military intervention in African countries than any other country.

, France in Africa, six countries have permanent military bases, troops up to 8,000 people, many African countries had direct military intervention.

So in Africa, the French government has always been the attitude of a firm, give an inch. Under various pretexts for the United States gradually to Africa, especially North African countries in penetration, the French are very unhappy. In 2005, the United States to be in North Africa more than 10 countries around the new “forward operating bases” or “forward operations facility” and is prepared to most of the military stationed in Europe and the United States moved to Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia and other countries of the base of the plan was a strong protest to France. The United States was held in Mauritania “firm Puma -2,006″ exercise, because of France’s firm opposition had to change the African continent, 500 km away from Cape Verde in West Africa.

the U.S. military headquarters in the global current 5: Northern Command (area and the United States and North America), the Central Command (area and Southwest Asia, the Middle East and East Africa, 19 countries), the Pacific Command, Southern Command (area and South and Central America) and the European Command.

美国和俄罗斯举行了在非洲的大国对能源资源的滩头阵地争夺

9月5日，俄罗斯总统普京开始对非洲，南非和摩洛哥的访问。这是3月的第二，今年以来，访问北非国家阿尔及利亚，普京的第二次访问非洲国家，而且是俄罗斯总统首次访问南部非洲的历史。在此之前，美国媒体透露，美国正计划在非洲设立总部，美国和俄罗斯两国起到“非洲牌”，寻求能源，政治利益，非洲大陆，强调大国的竞争，“烟雾。“

普京为期两天的非洲之行的第一站是非洲大国—的开普敦，南非首都。俄罗斯总统助理谢尔盖普里霍季科说，访问期间，普京和南非共和国总统塔博姆贝基就包括中东危机以及伊朗的核计划与谈判的其他问题。而在南非议会发表演讲。

普京首次访问南非的战略重点

作为第一的俄罗斯国家元首访问南非，俄罗斯总统普京率领的企业家代表团，俄罗斯和南非强队伍将签署一系列贸易和投资协定。近年来，俄罗斯和南非的双边贸易额出现了稳步上升的趋势，只有俄罗斯，南非每年的出口额达到一点三零亿美元。据了解，会议上，双方将在钻石，涉及经济内容的协议采矿和金属等领域。

中国现代国际关系，欧洲和亚洲研究学院副丰吁捃，除扩大俄罗斯在非洲的政治影响，经济合作将是普京访问的重点。

苏联解体以后，俄罗斯在非洲的影响力下降。由于种种原因，一段长的时期，俄罗斯的内部问题繁忙无法照顾到的非洲，其元首从来没有访问过非洲大陆。经济复苏和国家复苏的情况下，在今年3月，俄罗斯联邦国家元首首次访问阿尔及利亚的非洲国家。普京访华再次，采取更加积极的外交政策，其根本目的就是要寻求在国际框架内新的利益支点寻求更多的支持。

非对从霸权战略趋势的务实

冯玉军分析，在非洲，最重要的目标，俄罗斯的重点是加强经济关系的非洲国家。前苏联，俄罗斯，非洲的经济和军事援助，以及全球霸权，主要是意识形态的考虑，但现在俄罗斯，无论从影响国家或无法与当时的苏联，在同一类别，因此，对非外交政策做了很多调整和非洲国家，发展同俄罗斯的外交政策，经济关系是最实际的考虑。

冯玉军认为，普京的非洲之行的重要目的，两次是协调能源政策。在石油和天然气资源丰富的俄罗斯的经济复苏，一个重要原因。北非国家，阿尔及利亚和摩洛哥的能源储量丰富，因此，采取更有效的合作，共同开发和利用当地能源资源，国家能源政策的协调是俄罗斯政府考虑的一个重要问题。

而南非而言，俄罗斯认为，在该国丰富的矿产资源，尤其是丰富的铀矿资源。在能源短缺的背景下，发展核能是所有国家的问题相当重视。

美国，日本和欧洲联盟和南非其他铀矿表示了相当的兴趣。对于俄罗斯来说，它有一个发达的核能开发和利用技术。此外，南非的制造业比较发达无论是在机械，建设，还是能源机械制造，俄罗斯和南非的合作空间。

在美国的非洲司令部，“一石二鸟”，以扩大其在更多的石油和战略物资，同时军事影响力

五角大楼的消息人士的年底披露8月：美国国防部长拉姆斯菲尔德很快将批准一个有关非洲司令部的计划编制。

根据这项计划

，美国将成立一个军事组织，在整个地区的独立，负责美国的军事行动。

反恐作为军事扩张的借口

目前，五角大楼全球五大区域的命令—北方司令部，太平洋司令部，中央司令部，欧洲司令部和南方司令部。在非洲，美国只是一个很小的临时军事机构—非洲联合作战司令部设在吉布提的欧洲司令部，太平洋司令部和中央司令部，东非，非洲之角同时拥有司法管辖权。

和9.11，美国已全面展开的全球反恐为美国军事扩张，在非政治军事影响力的策略，寻找借口：为了避免非洲大陆成为滋生的恐怖主义，我们必须建立一个非洲司令部。

事实上，非洲大陆的美国觊觎已久。上个世纪90年代，美国派兵参加联合国在索马里的维和行动，但经顽强抵抗的军队撤回。由其次是美国改变在这一地区的战略安排，以避免直接的军事干预，从而培养非洲国家的军队。同时，美军还通过在非洲部分地区，扶贫项目，帮助当地人打井，治疗和改善教育的绥靖政策。

1996念美军创造的美国在欧洲司令部的“非洲危机反应部队”。后来更名为“非洲紧急援助部队的作战训练，”增加了“攻击训练”，提供机关枪和其他武器的国家。

在美国

，一些军事专家一直主张国防部更加关注非洲。他们认为，许多非洲国家，贫困，腐败，内战一而再，再而也有在边境水域的巡逻，是恐怖分子的温床，一个“热点”。

，特别是东非和红海沿岸被极端分子和恐怖分子的渗透，他们的竞争成为滋生，发起恐怖袭击和各种暴力对抗。

命令，为全球地缘战略

，但是，反恐并不是美国的非洲司令部的设立的唯一原因。中国社会科学院美国问题专家洪源学院认为，美国会的真正目的是控制非洲，在非洲，得到更多的石油和其他战略物资提供安全保障。

“，以确保石油供应”一直是美国全球战略的重点。近年来，非洲已探明石油储量增加了约80000000000-1000亿桶，仅次于中东和南美洲，世界上最大的油库。

此外，非洲也十分丰富，其他战略物资，包括石油和天然气，铀，钴，金，铝土矿，锰，铜，铁和钻石。这些都是美国不能随意放弃的利益。

因此，宏远认为，虽然美国非洲司令部将在与其他命令规定建立相比，只是“局部师”，规模不会很大，其目的也是为美国在世界的地缘战略，“反恐”只有但只有一个标志。但是，如果该地区的石油储量和开采增加，那么，非洲司令部的地位将会上升。

背景

非洲石油将成为肉和美国和俄罗斯土豆

能源是在非洲海滩，寻求事业的国家利益。

美国调查人员说，非洲石油质量好，易于提炼，大约80000000000-1000亿桶探明石油储量。因此，在美国未来10年，所需要的石油，将有来自25个撒哈拉以南非洲％。近年来，非洲已探明石油储量不断增加，仅次于中东和南美洲，世界上最大的油库。

专家预测，到2010年，非洲在世界石油产量的比重石油产量预计将增加至20％。

目前，非洲为900万桶，原油生产，其中近500万桶，从几内亚湾地区。毛里塔尼亚，马里和尼日尔在未来几年将成为非洲的主要石油生产国。

扩展

举行的非洲大陆，“三国演义”？

美国和俄罗斯推出非能源比赛中，法国的传统影响力构成了一个巨大的挑战

美国非洲司令部将在以下方面建立了法国是不是一个好消息，俄罗斯民族复兴重新寻求扩大其在非洲的政治和经济影响力的举措也将在法国带来巨大挑战。

第二次世界大战之前，21个非洲国家的法国殖民地，约1039万平方公里总面积。虽然这些地区获得独立，但在政治，经济和文化领域，法国人依然有很大的影响，“非洲宪兵”之称。对法国来说，积极参与非洲事务，是其大国地位，保持和扩大其国际影响力和重要的一步。非洲丰富的资源，一个相对较小的土地面积的战略，资源相对贫困在法国也是一个很重要的意义。因此，法国是西方在非洲的军事存在的最大的直接比任何其他国家非洲国家进行军事干预。

，法国在非洲，有六个国家建立永久军事基地，驻军达8000人，许多非洲国家直接军事干预。

因此，在非洲，法国政府一直是一个坚定的态度，寸步不让。根据对美国以各种借口逐步向非洲，特别是北非国家的普及率，法国人非常不满。 2005年，美国将在北非超过10个新的“前沿作战基地”或“前沿作战设施”的国家，并准备对军队驻扎在欧洲和美国转移到阿尔及利亚，摩洛哥和最突尼斯和计划的基础，其他国家是法国的强烈抗议。美国是在毛里塔尼亚举行的“坚定的美洲豹-2,006”工作，因为法国的坚决反对，不得不改变非洲大陆，从500公里以外佛得角在西非。

美国在全球目前的5名军事总部：北方司令部（区，美国和北美洲），中央司令部（区和西南亚洲，中东和非洲，19个国家），太平洋司令部，南方司令部（面积与南美洲和中美洲）和欧洲司令部。06.9.6

Tags: africa, african, command, states